Original author: Will Awang
Recently, Binance Research released a research report on Web3 payment, which well sorted out the current status of traditional payment and blockchain Web3 payment, and looked forward to the future of Web3 payment by combining the advantages brought by blockchain. The research report system is complete and the arguments are sufficient, which is worth learning from.
What inspired me most was that the author Joshua Wong, based on his background as a macro analyst, was able to place Web3 payments more in the context of the entire huge traditional financial payment system in a data-driven way, rather than falling into an obsession with the pure pursuit of on-chain technology.
Therefore, this article compiles the research reports of Binance Research and deeply studies its index articles. Only through the comparison of cold data can we more clearly define our own positioning and gaps, as well as the direction of future progress.
Below, Enjoy:
I. Key Views of the Report
Despite being one of the largest and fastest-growing industries in the world, the payments industry still largely runs on outdated, 50-year-old banking infrastructure. Modern payment fintechs and card network such as Stripe, Mastercard and Visa have brought a more convenient end-user experience to consumers and merchants. However, the traditional costs of involving up to six intermediaries in each transaction (e.g. card network, issuer, processor, POS system, payment aggregator, digital wallet) still exist. Blockchain technology provides a new global infrastructure rail for payments, which is a new beginning.
Blockchain and the range of innovative applications it enables have the potential to significantly reduce the cost and improve the efficiency of cross-border payments. This is already happening at the institutional level, with players such as Visa running pilots to enable institutional-grade global payment settlement on public blockchains. Adoption is also happening at the individual level, with products like Binance Pay being used for faster and cheaper peer-to-peer payments and cross-border transfers, as well as spending cryptocurrencies directly at merchants without paying gas fees, automatically regulating currency conversions, and real-time settlements.
The sheer size of the payments industry means that adoption of revolutionary technologies such as blockchain is likely to be slow and cautious. This also gives the blockchain industry itself the necessary time to grow and build the necessary payment tools and payment infrastructure.
2. Background
The use of cash for face-to-face payments gives money a unique sense of freedom. Unfortunately, modern digital payment systems simply cannot provide this ability to conduct direct peer-to-peer transactions without the intervention of a third party. This is mainly because we need a third party to hold our funds for us, unlike blockchain technology, which can achieve self-custody of funds.
To make matters worse, the modern global payment infrastructure stack still relies on banks and other intermediaries to process any transaction. Today’s payment technology stack is in desperate need of a fresh start, and blockchain technology can achieve this.
When Bitcoin was launched in 2009 by the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto, it was envisioned as a revolutionary form of peer-to-peer electronic cash payments. The goal was to create a decentralized currency that could offer the same freedom as face-to-face cash transactions, but for digital payments. It did this by facilitating direct transactions between individuals, without the need for financial intermediaries such as banks. This vision promised to usher in a new era of financial freedom, transparency, and reduced transaction costs.
The modern crypto industry has evolved significantly since its inception in 2009. The advent of stablecoins introduced a stable value standard that can be used as a medium of exchange and payment, while taking advantage of blockchain technology and eliminating the problem of asset volatility. In addition, the development of Layer 1 and Layer 2 solutions has increased transaction speeds and reduced costs, effectively reducing the bottlenecks that previously hindered the adoption of distributed ledgers as a means of processing large-scale payment transactions.
This report will provide an overview of the current traditional payment landscape and the key issues it faces. It will then discuss how blockchain technology can solve these issues, the current state of blockchain-based payments, and how the payment industry can make progress through blockchain.
3. Current Status of Traditional Payment Industry
When global payment systems such as SWIFT were first created in the 1970s, enabling global remittances was a groundbreaking achievement and a major milestone in finance.
However, today’s global payments infrastructure can only be described as outdated, analog and fragmented. It is a costly and inefficient system that operates within limited banking hours and relies on numerous intermediaries. The modern financial system relies on a multitude of banks around the world, each maintaining its own ledger. The lack of uniform global standards among these banks hinders seamless international transactions and complicates the establishment of consistent cooperation.
The flaws of the modern payment system make cross-border interbank transactions costly and inefficient, as a single transaction may need to go through multiple correspondent banks before reaching its intended destination. Sometimes, it is more like a black box, where senders and receivers cannot track the flow of funds and can only wait in the dark.
According to the World Bank, cross-border remittances typically take up to five business days to settle, with average fees of 6.25% of the transaction amount. Despite these apparent challenges, the market for business-to-business (“B2B”) cross-border payments is large and continues to grow. The total market size for B2B cross-border payments is $39 trillion in 2023 and is expected to grow 43% to $53 trillion by 2030.
3.1 Current Traditional Payment Industry Landscape
Undeterred by its inefficiencies, the payments industry has grown into one of the largest industries in the world, with revenues currently estimated to reach $2.83 trillion by 2024. It is also one of the fastest growing, projected to reach $4.7 trillion by 2029, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.8%. Global payments are expected to reach approximately $150 trillion in 2022, up 13% from 2021.
A similar picture emerges from the growth in purchase transaction volume for global card network brands (American Express, Discover, JCB, Mastercard, Visa and UnionPay) over the past nine years, which have been growing steadily since 2014 at a CAGR of approximately 15.1%.
Despite being one of the largest and fastest-growing industries in the world, much of the payments industry is still operating on 50-year-old technology. The global payments landscape has evolved into a rent-collecting cartel of middlemen who stand between merchants and consumers and collect rent from every transaction.
Innovations in the payment fintech space over the past five years have done wonders for merchants and consumers. However, this has not shielded them from the high costs caused by the inefficiencies of the legacy systems that even the most advanced fintech solutions still rely on.
Broadly speaking, there are two types of payment systems in the modern payment industry: open-loop payment systems and closed-loop payment systems.
3.2 Open Loop Payments
Card schemes like Visa and Mastercard support the global open payment infrastructure. They enable numerous acquiring and issuing banks from around the world to access the card scheme network and allow funds to flow from one bank to another through the card scheme network’s clearing and settlement.
The card network is an invaluable innovation, they enable fast communication between banks around the world. It is an extremely convenient system for consumers, allowing a single Visa/Mastercard to be used to pay for goods and services around the world. As a result, they have become the dominant means of digital payments in todays world. Visa and Mastercard are two of the most valuable public companies in the world today, ranking 18th and 20th respectively.
In a typical open-loop payment system supported by card network such as Visa and Mastercard, there are up to six middlemen between merchants and consumers.
1. The POS service, which is the physical or digital terminal that initiates the transaction. It captures the payment details and sends them for processing. For example, Square, one of the most prominent POS service providers, charges merchants 2.6% + $0.10 per transaction. This fee is then shared among the remaining 4 intermediaries in the payment stack who collect rent (e-wallets such as Apple Pay and Google Pay currently do not charge any per-transaction fees).
2. Payment Aggregators consolidate transactions from multiple merchants, simplifying the process of receiving payments. They provide a single integration point for a variety of payment methods. Most payment aggregators, such as Stripe, also screen transactions to detect fraud to protect their merchant customers.
3. An acquirer is a financial institution that processes credit or debit card payments on behalf of a merchant. It ensures that the transaction is authorized and transfers funds from the card issuer to the merchants account.
4. Card Networks facilitate the transfer of transaction information between acquirers and issuers. They set the rules and standards for card transactions.
5. Card Issuers are banks or financial institutions that provide credit or debit cards to cardholders. They authorize transactions and debit cardholders’ accounts. Card networks such as Visa and Mastercard also monitor transactions to detect fraud and protect their bank customers.
6. E-Wallets are digital wallets that store payment information and facilitate online and in-store transactions. They provide users with a convenient way to pay without directly using a credit card.
In short, blockchain can serve as an alternative, global, decentralized payment network – a new type of open system that is unfettered by the current global payment system riddled with middlemen and the slow and expensive traditional banking system.
3.3 Close Loop Payments
Closed-loop payments are a growing trend in the payments industry, popularized by companies like PayPal and Starbucks.
In a closed payment loop, consumers only interact with the PayPal app, as various merchants are included in PayPal and are able to accept payments through the PayPal network. In the case of Starbucks, customers can only use funds stored in Starbucks digital wallets in stores. More and more merchants are beginning to follow Starbucks lead and implement their own closed payment loops. The main purpose of doing so is to deepen customer stickiness by running their own loyalty programs and bypass the high fees levied by existing open payment stacks.
However, the closed payment loops that exist today are highly fragmented systems that are still tied to the slow and expensive traditional banking system. To transfer funds in and out of the Starbucks closed loop, users still need a bank account. In addition, many merchant-specific closed loop systems (such as Starbucks) do not allow transfers between customers and are not seamlessly available in many countries around the world. Blockchain technology provides an alternative for future payment fintechs, allowing them to choose to completely bypass the traditional, fragmented banking system, ultimately reducing fees for merchants and consumers.
Binance Pay is an example of this type of payment fintech. It enables instant, low-fee peer-to-peer transfers and direct merchant payments within a closed-loop payment system. As a closed-loop model, the latest generation of fintech like Binance Pay is able to provide merchants and consumers with a familiar, sophisticated, and customizable fintech experience, facilitating the transition from traditional banking rails to blockchain rails.
3.4 New options for cross-border payments
Costs are multiplied when it comes to cross-border transactions and remittances. According to the International Monetary Fund, remittances are “part of an individual’s income sent home in cash or goods to support their family.” This is a specific area of cross-border payments where blockchain technology can have a direct impact.
Global remittances are estimated to grow by 1.6% from $843 billion in 2022 to $857 billion in 2023. Growth is expected to reach 3% in 2024. In 2023, the top five low- and middle-income countries receiving remittance inflows in current dollars are India ($120 billion), Mexico ($66 billion), China ($50 billion), the Philippines ($39 billion), and Pakistan ($27 billion). According to World Bank data as of the first quarter of 2024, the average cost of sending $200 globally remains at 6.35% of the transfer amount, with total fees collected at $54 billion per year.
Due to extremely high costs, cross-border remittances are a key area of the payments industry where blockchain can truly have a huge impact.
Cross-border remittances involve sending money across borders through a series of banks located in different countries, a process that can take several days, making it slow and costly.
1) The process starts when a sender initiates a money transfer at a local bank or money transfer service, providing the recipients details and the amount to be sent.
2) Since the remitter and beneficiarys banks may not have a direct relationship, an intermediary bank (called a correspondent bank) facilitates the transaction. The remitters bank sends the funds to its correspondent bank, which may then transfer the funds to other correspondent banks, each of which charges a fee. In this process, the SWIFT network is often used to send such payment instructions.
3) If different currencies are involved, the funds will usually be converted at one of the correspondent banks, usually at a lower exchange rate.
4) Every bank must comply with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) regulations to verify identities and ensure the legitimacy of transactions. Transactions are also screened against international sanctions lists.
5) Once processed and compliance checks are completed, the funds are transferred to the recipient’s bank, which credits the recipient’s account. The sender receives confirmation that the transaction is complete.
The above-mentioned traditional payment systems are not only costly and inefficient, but also currently fail to cover a considerable portion of the worlds population.
Today, as many as 1.4 billion adults worldwide do not have a bank account. For these reasons, we see users around the world turning to blockchain solutions like Binance Pay as a cheaper and faster way to transfer money across borders. Since 2022, Binance Pay has seen nearly 5x growth in both monthly active users and monthly transactions, with approximately 13.5 million users worldwide and approximately 1.96 million monthly transactions.
Blockchain and distributed ledger technology (DLT) has the potential to disrupt many existing players in the payments industry by providing a unified, global, transparent payments environment accessible with just a smartphone and an internet connection. This means a more direct communication channel between merchants and consumers, facilitated by distributed ledgers, and eliminates the need for correspondent banks. Liberating future fintechs from the traditional banking system could be the key to enabling cheaper and faster payments around the world. Jason Clinton, head of European financial institutions group sales at JPMorgan, said: Ultimately, we want to be able to settle any payment instantly, anywhere, in any currency, and this may require the use of blockchain technology.
4. Current status of blockchain-based payments
Due to its high cash equivalence, stablecoins have become a key component of blockchain payments. In 2023, stablecoins processed more than $10.8 trillion in transactions, and excluding activities such as machine or automatic transactions, the figure was $2.3 trillion.
Comparing stablecoin payments to traditional payments, we can see that they have been catching up with traditional payments in terms of quarterly transaction volume.
The total supply of stablecoins has also been increasing since mid-2023, indicating a steady increase in demand. The total market capitalization of major stablecoins exceeds $160 billion, with USDT and USDC accounting for the largest share, with market shares of 73% and 21%, respectively.
Taking advantage of the low volatility provided by stablecoins, the blockchain payment ecosystem and its related infrastructure have made great progress since 2009.
4.1 Blockchain-based payment infrastructure
Settlement Layer
Blockchain infrastructure responsible for transaction settlement, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana, which are all Layer 1 blockchains, and versatile Layer 2 solutions such as Optimism and Arbitrum, are essentially selling block space.
These platforms compete on various aspects such as speed, cost, scalability, security, and distribution. Over time, the payment use case is likely to become a significant consumer of blockchain space.
We can think of the settlement layer as the network of banks that make up the current traditional payment system. Instead of having to store funds in a centrally managed bank account, consumers and merchants can store assets in an on-chain externally owned account (EOA) or smart contract account.
It is worth noting that in the modern payment stack, authorization and settlement are handled separately. Card organizations such as Visa and Mastercard provide payment authorization services; issuing banks and acquiring banks are responsible for handling the actual payment settlement. For blockchain, authorization and settlement can theoretically be synchronized. A consumer can send a transaction of 100 USDT directly from their EOA to the merchants EOA by signing a transaction authorization, and the validator will process and settle this transaction immutably on the blockchain.
It’s worth noting, however, that relying solely on blockchain for the settlement and authorization of P2P payment transactions could mean bypassing the clearing, transaction monitoring, and fraud detection services employed by payment aggregators like Stripe and credit card networks like Visa.
Visa itself has been a frontrunner in piloting blockchain for payments use cases over the past few years, with the company envisioning a future where “Visa’s network spans not only multiple currencies and bank settlement corridors, but also multiple blockchain networks, stablecoins and CBDCs or tokenized deposits.”
Asset Issuer
Asset issuers are organizations responsible for creating, managing, and redeeming stablecoins – a crypto asset that is designed to maintain a stable value relative to a reference asset or basket of assets (most commonly the U.S. dollar). These issuers typically adopt a balance sheet-driven business model similar to banks. They accept customer deposits, invest those funds in higher-yielding assets such as U.S. Treasuries, and issue stablecoins as liabilities, earning money from the interest rate differential or net interest margin.
Asset issuers are a new type of “intermediary” that exists in the crypto payment stack and has no direct equivalent in the traditional payment stack. Perhaps the closest equivalent is the government that issues the fiat currency used to conduct transactions.
Unlike intermediaries in traditional payments, asset issuers do not collect fees from every transaction using their stablecoins. Once a stablecoin is issued on-chain, it can be self-custodied and transferred without paying any additional fees to the asset issuer.
On/Off Ramp Layer
Cash-in and cash-out currency acceptance is critical to increasing the usability and adoption of stablecoins in financial transactions. Fundamentally, they act as a technical bridge connecting stablecoins on the blockchain with the fiat system and bank accounts. Their business model is typically traffic-driven, accounting for only a small portion of the total USD volume that passes through their platform.
Currently, the on/off ramp layer is often the most expensive part of the crypto payment stack. Service providers such as Moonpay charge up to 1.5% to transfer assets from the blockchain to a bank account.
The transaction from fiat currency held in the consumer’s bank to on-chain stablecoins to fiat currency held in the merchant’s bank can cost up to 3%. This aspect is perhaps the biggest barrier to widespread adoption of blockchain payments in terms of cost, especially for merchants and consumers who may still need fiat currency in their bank accounts for day-to-day transactions. To address this, products such as Binance Pay are building their own merchant networks where users can spend cryptocurrencies directly, without the user incurring costs.
Interface/Application Layer
Front-end applications are customer-facing software in the crypto payment ecosystem that provide a user interface for crypto-enabled transactions and leverage other components of the stack to facilitate these payments. Their business models typically include platform fees and transaction-based fees, earning revenue based on the volume of transactions processed through their interface.
4.2 Taking Advantage of Blockchain-Based Payments
Near-instant settlement
When using Visa or Mastercard to make transactions, consumers experience the convenience of near-instant payment authorization. However, the actual settlement of the transaction, where funds are transferred from the customers bank account (issuing bank) to the merchants bank account (acquiring bank), typically does not occur until at least a day later. While card schemes allow consumers to make digital payments in seconds, merchants typically do not receive funds for that purchase until the next day or later. Settlement times are even longer when funds need to be transferred across borders, as this requires communication between banks in different countries.
The inefficiencies of the cross-border interbank communication system are evident in the time it takes to send remittances. Somewhat counterintuitively, around 30% of remittances take more than a day to reach their destination; this is higher than the 20% of cash transfers that take the same amount of time.
The World Bank attributes this to two reasons:
(1) Remittances involve traditional banking services, i.e. bank account to bank account services, which are slow.
(2) Most non-bank remittance service providers are likely to pre-fund transactions, providing fast service for end users who use cash.
For example, of the three payment mediums (digital, cash, and blockchain), blockchain is the clear leader in speed, with 100% of transactions completed in less than an hour.
In 2021, Visa conducted a pilot with Crypto.com to use USDC and the Ethereum blockchain to process payments for cross-border transactions made by Crypto.com on Australia’s real-time card program. Currently, Crypto.com uses USDC to fulfill its Visa card settlement obligations in Australia, and plans to expand this capability to other markets.
Prior to this pilot, settlement of cross-border purchases using the Crypto.com Visa card involved a lengthy currency conversion process and expensive international wire transfers.
Crypto.com can now send USDC across borders directly to a Circle-managed Visa financial account via the Ethereum blockchain, significantly reducing the time and complexity associated with international wire transfers.
At the individual user level, services such as Binance Pay allow users to instantly transfer cryptocurrencies across borders.
Cost reduction
According to the World Bank, the average cost of sending remittances across borders has dropped from 6.39% in the fourth quarter of 2023 to 6.35% in the first quarter of 2024. According to their breakdown of average costs by region of the world, Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the highest cost for sending remittances, with an average cost of 7.73%.
For comparison, the average cost of sending $200 worth of stablecoins (or any amount of stablecoins, since most blockchains charge a fixed gas fee regardless of the transfer amount) through a high-performance blockchain like Solana is about $0.00025. Products like Binance Pay allow users to make borderless peer-to-peer stablecoin transfers at a much lower fee, as long as the transfer amount is less than 140,000 USDT. For values above that amount, a fee of $1 is charged.
It is worth noting that currently, currency conversion on deposits and withdrawals is the most expensive part of any transaction involving on-chain assets. CryptoConvert, which Binance is partnering with in Q4 2023, offers a service that allows South African consumers to purchase goods using their digital assets. This eliminates the need for currency conversion on deposits and withdrawals and is the beginning of incorporating a network of merchants into a crypto-native closed payment loop.
Transparent and trustless network
In an era when traditional payment systems such as SWIFT are being used for geopolitical purposes, blockchain technology offers a revolutionary alternative. With its inherent transparency, every transaction on the blockchain is recorded on an immutable ledger that is visible to all network participants. This openness promotes trust and consensus, and discourages fraud and manipulation.
Decentralization is another key advantage. Unlike centralized systems, blockchain spreads control across a vast network, reducing the risk of single points of failure and abuse of power. No single entity can impose sanctions or restrictions, ensuring a neutral and accessible global payment system. The decentralized nature of blockchain enhances its security, making it resilient to attacks. Hacking a blockchain network requires enormous computing power, far more than traditional systems.
In addition, blockchain simplifies transactions by enabling peer-to-peer payments, reducing intermediaries and lowering fees. Cross-border payments that once took days can now be completed in minutes, facilitating real-time global trade. Blockchain provides a viable, globally unified alternative to the existing decentralized banking system for storing and transferring digital value.
5. Current Dilemma of Blockchain-Based Payment
Scalability and performance
A globally accessible payment network must be able to support cheap, fast transactions and operate 24/7. Because payment networks are required to be able to process thousands of transactions per second, even a split-second delay can have a significant impact on global business operations. For example, Visa can process more than 65,000 transactions per second.
Solana is the blockchain with the highest number of user-generated transactions per second (TPS) recorded to date, with its daily average TPS peaking at just over 1,000. Sui is reportedly close behind with an actual peak TPS of over 850. BNB Chain ranks third on this metric with 378.3 TPS.
In 2023, Visa processes approximately 720 million transactions per day, which means the average daily TPS in 2023 is approximately 8,300.
This is still nearly 8x the maximum user-generated TPS recorded by Solana.
In addition to TPS issues, Solana has also exhibited performance issues. Since its mainnet launch in 2020, Solana has experienced 7 major outages that brought block production to a standstill, with the most recent one occurring in February 2024. Such serious incidents have caused institutions to be cautious about relying on blockchains for critical business operations, such as payments.
Yet despite these issues, Solana has continued to be adopted by a number of pioneering institutions, with Visa describing it as a “viable testing and pilot payment use case” due to its “high demonstrated throughput levels.”
PayPal also chose Solana as the second chain after Ethereum to launch its PYUSD stablecoin. At the time of writing, the PYUSD supply on Solana ($377 million) has surpassed the supply on Ethereum ($356 million), despite launching nearly a year later.
On-chain complexity
Blockchains are complex in large part due to their decentralized nature, making them more inconvenient for consumers and merchants to adopt than centralized systems. Requirements for end users, such as private key management, paying gas fees, and the lack of a unified front end, make blockchain technology a difficult proposition for the average consumer and merchant.
Meanwhile, over the past 5 years, payment fintechs like Square and Stripe have taken the payment experience for merchants and consumers to a very high level. In general, it has done this by abstracting all the underlying complexities of middlemen, correspondent banks, and other third parties. As a result, in terms of the traditional global payment stack, what we now have is a highly sophisticated system that costs up to 3% per transaction, both from a consumer and merchant perspective.
Fortunately, with the rise of faster and cheaper blockchain infrastructure, there have been many improvements in the UI/UX of blockchain applications. Binance Pay provides users with a familiar centralized fintech experience while being untethered from the traditional banking system. This gives users the freedom to send cryptocurrencies to each other globally with low fees, while also giving them the option to easily withdraw crypto assets into self-custody if they choose to do so.
Regulatory uncertainty
The current regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology is still evolving, creating uncertainty for businesses and consumers. Regulations vary widely from country to country, complicating global operations and cross-border transactions.
Countries such as Switzerland and Singapore are developing clear regulatory frameworks to provide guidance and promote innovation in the blockchain space. The European Union’s Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation is another example of an effort to create a coordinated regulatory environment. The blockchain industry is also developing compliance solutions to help businesses navigate the regulatory landscape. Providing individuals and businesses with the necessary tools to monitor and ensure compliance with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) regulations is key to adoption.
6. Future blockchain-based payments
Blockchain provides a unified technology infrastructure that simplifies the payments landscape and transcends the fragmented nature of the modern banking system. As a global decentralized ledger, blockchain eliminates the inherent inefficiencies of traditional banks that rely on maintaining and synchronizing multiple centrally managed bank accounts. As a result, blockchain provides a new medium that has the potential to reduce costs and increase the speed of global payments.
As mentioned earlier in this report, payments giant Visa is experimenting with blockchain as a cheaper and faster way for its institutional clients to settle global settlements. Today, one of Visa’s clients, Crypto.com, can send USDC across borders directly to a Circle account managed by Visa Finance via the Ethereum blockchain. This reduces the time and complexity of international wire transfers, which previously took days to process. As companies become more familiar with blockchain technology, many may choose to conduct transactions using on-chain stablecoins rather than the slower and more costly fiat banking system.
On a smaller peer-to-peer scale, blockchain could have a faster and more significant impact on the global payments industry, particularly in the area of cross-border remittances. Many remittance recipients are unbanked or underbanked. Blockchain technology offers the possibility of “leapfrogging” the traditional banking system so that anyone with an internet connection and a smartphone can quickly start receiving payments from anywhere in the world.
Blockchain essentially provides a new, decentralized medium through which payments can be made more seamlessly around the world. As the modern payments industry continues to experiment with this new technology and integrate it into parts of the global payment system, the ultimate goal we should always keep in mind is to create a world of free money that is cheaper, faster, and more efficient for everyone.
This article is sourced from the internet: Binance Research: Blockchain payments, a new beginning
Original author: Min Jung Original translation: TechFlow summary The secondary OTC market is an area where people can buy and sell various assets, including locked tokens, equity or SAFTs (Shenchao Note: SAFT stands for Simple Agreement for Future Mã thông báos. It is a legal agreement commonly used for financing blockchain and cryptocurrency projects. It allows investors to provide funds to the project team during the project development phase in exchange for future tokens.), which are difficult to trade on public exchanges. Today, the term secondary OTC market mainly refers to the trading of locked tokens. The main sellers in the secondary OTC market include venture capital firms, crypto project teams and foundations, who are often driven by the motivation to secure early profits or manage selling pressure. Buyers can be divided…
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